1 Access to the courts is a fundamental aspect of the rule of law. At the same time, the services provided by the courts are the resource of the community as a whole. Litigants who pursue claims with vexatious persistence take up a disproportionate amount of attention, to the detriment of other claims and the needs of other litigants. For the vexatious litigant himself, and often his family, such continuous litigation also exacts a financial, emotional and mental cost.

2 Section 74(1) of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap 322, 2007 Rev Ed) (“SCJA”) addresses a part of this concern by requiring vexatious litigants to first seek the leave of the court before filing further action. Section 74 of the SCJA reads as follows:

3 The use of this statutory mechanism carries specific criteria and outcomes. This judgment considers, taking into account the court’s statutory powers, the reach of the court’s inherent powers to regulate and restrain proceedings by vexatious litigants.

4 On 5 February 2018, Mr Cheong Wei Chang (“Mr Cheong”), filed Suit No 125 of 2018 (“Suit 125”) against Mr Lee Hsien Loong (“Mr Lee”). His Statement of Claim asserted the following: ¹

5 The Statement of Claim listed “supporting reasons” as follows: ²

6 The Statement of Claim enclosed two volumes of documents which were labelled “Supporting Documents 1” and “Supporting Documents 2” respectively. Mr Cheong subsequently tendered a further set of supporting documents labelled “Trial Document 1”. The documents comprised miscellaneous pictures pertaining to a variety of problems, generally with a caption on the side. The pictures and captions traversed a wide variety of topics including, but not limited to, failed job interviews, errors in finance textbooks and health problems. I give three examples for illustration:

(a) On page 88 of Trial Document 1, ³ Mr Cheong displayed a picture of what appeared to be tissue paper or toilet paper covered in blood, with the caption: “Internal bleeding on and off when passing motion, happened many times over the span of 2016 and 2017. Suspect something is left in the body after consuming food products.” The caption continued to describe other matters related to defaecation.

(b) On page 83 of Supporting Document 1, ⁴ Mr Cheong displayed an email exchange between himself and an employee of Citibank Singapore, arranging for an interview for the position of Treasury Service Manager. The caption read: “Interview at Citi for Treasury Services Management was a regulated setting. There were other job interviews during that period affected.” Although it was unclear, I inferred that he was not selected for the position, and he attributed this to the fact that the interview was “a regulated setting”.

(c) On page 72 of Trial Document 1, ⁵ Mr Cheong displayed a letter from the Legal Aid Bureau informing him that he was not eligible for legal aid as his disposable capital was above the statutorily prescribed means testing limits. He captioned the picture “Regulations at legal aid bureau”. He claimed that the “Criteria’s do [sic] not make sense”. ⁶

7 The Attorney-General (“the AG”) acted for Mr Lee in those proceedings. The AG took the view that s 19(3) of the Government Proceedings Act (Cap 121, 1985 Rev Ed) (“GPA”) mandates that proceedings against the Government should be instituted against the Attorney-General where no specific Government department is appropriate. Mr Lee was not being sued in his personal capacity, but rather in his capacity as Prime Minister and head of the Government. Therefore, the AG’s view was that the AG, and not Mr Lee, ought to have been named as the defendant. Whilst that was his view, rather than rest his case on this technical irregularity, he decided to proceed with an application to strike out Mr Cheong’s claim on the ground that it was frivolous, vexatious and disclosed no reasonable cause of action.

8 On 30 April 2018, I struck out the action for the reason that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action. In brief, Mr Cheong’s claim was that Mr Lee or the Prime Minister’s Office were imposing regulations on his activities. He appeared to be asking for a contract, or for the disclosure of a contract that regulated his activities. Mr Cheong did not, however, plead any facts which demonstrated that Mr Lee or any person from the Prime Minister’s Office had offered any terms to Mr Cheong, or had accepted any offers made by Mr Cheong. The factual premise of Mr Cheong’s contention on being regulated was similarly incoherent. First, Mr Cheong did not plead any facts which demonstrated the existence of any “regulations” that originated from Mr Lee or the Prime Minister’s Office. Second, there were no facts which demonstrated how the “regulations” caused or contributed to the host of problems he had identified in his supporting documents. The details provided in the supporting documents appeared to be a collation of conspiracy theories with no supporting facts. To use the allegation identified at [6(b)] above as an example, it was difficult to understand how and why Mr Lee or the staff in the Prime Minister’s Office or in fact any government body would have any role in Mr Cheong’s interview at Citibank. Even where public servants were involved, such as in [6(c)] above, it was clear that whatever requirements that were imposed upon him were of general application and to the extent that he was suggesting that he was somehow unfairly treated, that could not be sustained. There was simply no basis to suggest that the vicissitudes of life faced by Mr Cheong were caused by the Prime Minister or his department.

9 On 9 May 2018, a day after a copy of the extracted order of court in Suit 125 was served on Mr Cheong, Mr Cheong filed Suit No 489 of 2018 (“Suit 489”). This suit, which is the suit that presently concerns the court, named Mr Lee as the defendant again. The substance of the Statement of Claim filed for Suit 489 was similar to the earlier Statement of Claim filed, requesting as follows: ⁷

10 The new Statement of Claim enclosed a volume of documents labelled “Trial Document 1 (May 2018)”, which was almost identical to the volume of documents labelled “Trial Document 1”, which Mr Cheong had tendered previously. The Statement of Claim provided a “Description of Trial Document 1 (May 2018)”, which was as follows: ⁸

11 The AG took the same view as he did in the earlier suit, that while he ought to have been the named defendant because of the GPA, the best course was to apply to strike out the action. An application to do so was made on 19 June 2018 by way of Summons No 2809 of 2018, which is the summons before me. In this summons, in addition to the first prayer to strike out the action, the AG asked for the following: ⁹

12 Such an order was granted by Amarjeet Singh JC in Chua Choon Lim Robert v MN Swami and others [2000] 2 SLR 589 (“Chua Choon Lim”) at [63]–[64]. Singh JC held that the power to grant such an order was in addition to the power conferred by s 74 of the SCJA.

13 Subsequent local decisions, however, have queried the scope of the powers of the court in this regard, in particular where the AG is a party. In Attorney-General v Tee Kok Boon [2008] 2 SLR(R) 412 (“Tee Kok Boon”) at [124], Woo Bih Li J queried whether the inherent power, “even if it existed”, had been superseded by s 74 of the SCJA, in particular where the AG was the applicant. These reservations are pertinent here in view of the AG’s position that he is the correct defendant. In Lai Swee Lin Linda v Attorney-General [2016] 5 SLR 476 (“Linda Lai”) at [18], the Court of Appeal allowed for the possibility, remarking that the English courts had taken a position that the court has an inherent jurisdiction to do this in “exceptional circumstances”. In Attorney-General v Tham Yim Siong and others [2017] 5 SLR 1206 (“AG v Tham”), Kannan Ramesh J, at [72], queried whether such a power could render s 74 of the SCJA otiose. In a Ministry of Law Consultation Paper dated 2 July 2018 (“the Ministry of Law Consultation Paper”), the Ministry proposed to empower the courts to grant orders which included the order requested by the AG, explaining that the High Court is at present “only able” to exercise powers under s 74 of the SCJA.

14 On 23 July 2018, I explained to parties that these doubts expressed about the court’s inherent powers merited further consideration. In the light of the novel issues raised, and the fact that Mr Cheong was acting in person, a Young Amicus Curiae, Mr Sui Yi Siong (“Mr Sui”), was appointed to assist the court and I thank Mr Sui for his most helpful assistance. Mr Sui considered the following questions: ¹⁰

(a) First, whether the court has the inherent power to make an order preventing a litigant from commencing future legal proceedings.

(b) Second, assuming this inherent power exists, how does this interact with s 74 of the SCJA and what are the principles and limits that govern the exercise of this power, in light of the following cases: (i) Chua Choon Lim; (ii) the dicta in Linda Lai that the inherent power should only be used in “exceptional circumstances”; (iii) the High Court’s remarks in AG v Tham; and (iv) Wellmix Organics (International) Pte Ltd v Lau Yu Man [2006] 2 SLR(R) 117 (“Wellmix Organics”).

(c) Third, whether this inherent power is consistent with the generality of the framework of the court’s inherent powers espoused in Roberto Building Material Pte Ltd and others v Overseas-Chinese Banking Corp Ltd and another [2003] 2 SLR(R) 353 (“Roberto Building Material”) and Re Nalpon Zero Geraldo Mario [2013] 3 SLR 258 (“Re Nalpon Zero”).

(d) Fourth, to consider the applicability of the UK position on the court’s inherent powers as discussed in Bhamjee v Forsdick and others [2004] 1 WLR 88 (“Bhamjee”) as well as any subsequent developments in the UK or other relevant jurisdictions.

(e) Fifth, to consider the relevance, if any, of the current proposal for legislative amendments to the SCJA in the Ministry of Law Consultation Paper.

15 On 28 August 2018, the AG filed submissions on the same queries, and followed with Originating Summons No 1071 of 2018 (“OS 1071”) to apply under s 74 of the SCJA to prevent Mr Cheong from commencing any legal proceedings in relation to any matters arising out of Suit 125 and Suit 489, without leave of the High Court. State Counsel, Mr Sivakumar Ramasamy (“Mr Sivakumar”), has confirmed that OS 1071 is only to be pursued in the event that the AG’s earlier application for the court to exercise its inherent power is rejected. ¹¹

16 Summarising the various strands presented in Suit 489 and OS 1071, the issues for my decision may be distilled as follows:

(a) whether the Statement of Claim in Suit 489 should be struck out;

(b) whether I should exercise the court’s inherent power to restrain Mr Cheong from commencing any further similar action without the leave of court; and

(c) in the event that I do not find it appropriate to make the order on the basis of the court’s inherent power, whether I should make an order under s 74 of the SCJA.

17 By this judgment, I strike out the Statement of Claim. I also restrain Mr Cheong from filing any further similar action without first seeking the leave of court, using the court’s inherent power to do so. The facts are not appropriate for the exercise of s 74 of the SCJA, and in any event its use is unnecessary in the light of the AG’s stance. I explain my reasons in turn, starting with the application to strike out the Statement of Claim.

18 O 18 r 19 of the Rules of Court (Cap 322, R 5, 2014 Rev Ed) (“ROC”) sets out four grounds upon which a striking out order can be made:

(a) it discloses no reasonable cause of action or defence;

(b) it is scandalous, frivolous or vexatious;

(c) it may prejudice, embarrass or delay the fair trial of the action; or

(d) it is otherwise an abuse of process of the Court.

19 For the reasons below, all four grounds apply in this case.

20 In my judgment, the claim in Suit 489 discloses no cause of action. Mr Cheong believes that Mr Lee or the Prime Minister’s Office is regulating his activity. This purportedly causes technical errors in software programs, health problems and unsolicited emails (among other assorted problems). He appears to request a contract. There is no factual basis pleaded, nor is there any legal premise for the request for “contractual documents”. As such, it is vexatious, and would render a fair trial of the action impossible.

21 In addition, this Statement of Claim is essentially the same claim that was advanced in the previous suit. The doctrine of res judicata precludes later claims for matters that have already been adjudicated upon. This is an abuse of the process of the court. In addition to the statutory basis highlighted above, the court also retains the inherent power to strike out an action on the basis that the proceedings are an abuse of the process of the court (see Chee Siok Chin and others v Minister for Home Affairs and another [2006] 1 SLR(R) 582 (“Chee Siok Chin”) at [29]). The fact of abuse of process is a crucial factor in the consideration of the application to restrain Mr Cheong from further action without the court’s leave, either pursuant to the court’s inherent powers, or the later application by the AG under s 74 of the SCJA. I therefore detail here the reasons for my finding that res judicata in the form of cause of action estoppel applies in this case.

22 There are four requirements for cause of action estoppel (see Manharlal Trikamadas Mody and another v Sumikin Bussan International (HK) Ltd [2014] 3 SLR 1161 at [136]):

(a) identity of parties;

(b) identity of causes of action;

(c) the court pronouncing the earlier judgment must have been a competent court; and

(d) the judgment must be final and conclusive on the merits.

All four requirements are satisfied on the facts of this case. As far as the first three are concerned, the parties are identical, Mr Cheong is relying on the same causes of action and there is no dispute that Suit 125 was before a competent court.

23 It is the fourth requirement that gives rise to dispute by Mr Cheong. At the hearing, Mr Cheong queried how cause of action estoppel could apply when there has been no trial in the earlier suit. There is no need, however, for a full trial in order for a decision to be final and conclusive on the merits. While in Suit 125, I struck out the claim without a trial, the decision is nonetheless final and conclusive. A precedent in point is Setiadi Hendrawan v OCBC Securities Pte Ltd and others [2001] 3 SLR(R) 296 (“Setiadi Hendrawan”). In that case, Woo JC (as he then was), had to decide whether a plaintiff was estopped from bringing a second action against the defendants because an earlier action had been struck out. The trial for the prior action was in progress when the plaintiff applied for leave to discontinue. The trial judge however, denied leave to discontinue and struck out the claim instead. The trial was never concluded. The notes of proceedings appeared to suggest that counsel for the defendant had urged the court to dismiss the claim rather than discontinue the claim in order to make it difficult for the plaintiff to commence similar claims again. Hence Woo JC concluded that the trial judge in the previous claim intended to preclude any fresh action, and held that cause of action estoppel applied (see Setiadi Hendrawan at [36], [64] and [65]).

24 In Turf Club Auto Emporium Pte Ltd and others v Yeo Boong Hua and others and another appeal and other matters [2017] 2 SLR 12 at [94], the Court of Appeal endorsed the observations made in Goh Nellie v Goh Lian Teck and others [2007] 1 SLR(R) 453 at [28] (which in turn endorsed Setiadi Hendrawan) and highlighted that finality for the purposes of res judicata refers to a determination made by a court of a party’s liability or his rights or obligations that leaves nothing else to be judicially determined. This may be ascertained from the intention of the judge as gathered from the relevant documents filed, the order made and the notes of evidence taken or arguments made. The Court of Appeal’s guidance in The Royal Bank of Scotland NV (formerly known as ABN Amro Bank NV) and others v TT International Ltd (nTan Corporate Advisory Pte Ltd and others, other parties) and another appeal [2015] 5 SLR 1104 at [99] is also pertinent in this regard:

25 Here, Suit 125 was struck out on the basis that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and was obviously unsustainable. The point was that such an incoherent claim must proceed no further, because a fair trial was illusory in such a case. The substance of the claim advanced now remains the same, being “regulations” imposed on Mr Cheong by Mr Lee or the Prime Minister’s Office, and the supporting documents are, he contends, evidence of these regulations. The issues that plagued Mr Cheong’s claim in Suit 125 remain in the present suit. There were no facts pleaded that demonstrate the existence of an agreement between Mr Lee and Mr Cheong. Mr Cheong cannot unilaterally impose a contract on Mr Lee merely because he faces a variety of problems and issues. Trial Documents 1 (May 2018), too, was in all material aspects identical to Trial Documents 1. It likewise contained similarly incoherent allegations of wrongdoing and did not provide a sound factual basis for his claim (see [8] above). In submitting almost exactly the same Statement of Claim, with exactly the same supporting documents before the court, Suit 489 is obviously a direct attack upon and seeks to reverse the earlier decision in Suit 125. Cause of action estoppel squarely applies.

26 Indeed, Mr Cheong stated at the hearing on 24 September 2018 that Suit 489 is the same action that was filed earlier. ¹² In his Statement of Reply filed in response to the AG’s submissions, he states that the present Statement of Claim was “re-filed after clearing out the problems about the previous Statement of Claim”. ¹³ I disagree that the issues that the previous Statement of Claim pose have been resolved by the present Statement of Claim.

27 With this finding on prayer 1, I turn now to prayer 2.

28 Chee Siok Chin held at [34] that the bringing of “multiple or successive proceedings which cause or are likely to cause improper vexation or oppression” enables a court to use its inherent power. V K Rajah J (as he then was) in Chee Siok Chin at [32] referred to an article by Sir Jack I H Jacob (“Sir Jack Jacob”), “The Inherent Jurisdiction of the Court” (1970) 23 CLP 23. Sir Jack Jacob describes abuse of process at pp 40–41:

29 Therefore it is clear that in this case the court may exercise its inherent power to strike out the Statement of Claim. The issue is whether the court should go a step further to restrain future litigation.

30 The remedy initially sought by the AG (set out at [11] above) draws reference from what is known in the English courts as an “extended civil restraint order”, devised by the English Court of Appeal in Ebert v Venvil and Another [2000] Ch 484 (“Ebert”) to prevent the initiation of fresh proceedings without leave of court in relation to matters that had already been adjudicated upon in a prior suit. This power has been further extended in later English decisions, and also dealt with by courts in Australia, Hong Kong and Canada. It would be useful to reference these developments before coming to the position in Singapore.

31 Mr Ebert was adjudged bankrupt on 22 July 1997. Over the course of the next few years, Mr Ebert made a large number of applications to the English courts seeking in one way or another to have the bankruptcy order annulled. Mr Ebert was initially subject to what was then known as a “Grepe v Loam order” or a “civil restraint order”. The English decision of J S Grepe v Loam (1887) 37 ChD 168 (“Grepe v Loam”) authoritatively decided that the court had the inherent power to prevent further applications in existing proceedings being made without the leave of court. The English Court of Appeal was of the opinion that: “Mr Ebert has already brought vexatious proceedings, and that he will continue to bring such proceedings unless he is restrained from doing so” (see Ebert at 489). The question before the court was whether a civil restraint order could be extended to restrain future proceedings.

32 The court-appointed amicus curiae in Ebert argued that the court had no inherent power to make an extended civil restraint order, relying on the High Court of Australia’s decision in Commonwealth Trading Bank v Inglis and another (1974) 131 CLR 311 (“Inglis”). The court in Inglis declined to extend civil restraint orders beyond existing proceedings, reasoning that the court had no inherent power to do so because it was only with the enactment of legislation to restrain vexatious litigants that the courts were empowered to restrain future proceedings. This was supported by the absence of reported cases in which extended civil restraint orders were made (Inglis at 314–319). The court in Ebert rejected this argument. With the assistance of counsel, the court in Ebert retrieved records that showed that English courts had made at least six orders restraining future proceedings prior to the enactment of the Vexatious Actions Act 1896 (UK) (“VAA”), the precursor to s 74(1) of the SCJA and other vexatious litigant provisions in other common law jurisdictions. The records also demonstrated that there were various English cases after the enactment of the VAA in which courts appeared to have restrained future proceedings without recourse to the VAA (Ebert at 495–496). The court highlighted that the retrieved records demonstrated that the reasoning in Inglis could not be accepted uncritically. Nevertheless, it was cognisant that the issue of extended civil restraint orders did not appear to be fully argued in the cases that were retrieved, and hence found it necessary to approach the issue on a matter of principle.

33 Lord Woolf MR, at 496–497, framed the starting point as the extensive inherent power of the court to prevent its processes from being abused:

34 The court thus found that it was necessary to grant the extended civil restraint order to prevent future abuse of the court’s process by a vexatious litigant who has given every indication of continuing to vex the court and its users. The use of an injunction was not a new power, but merely a natural extension of the court’s existing power to stay or strike out vexatious proceedings and the power to stay anticipated proceedings to protect an applicant from anticipated damage when the damage is sufficiently imminent and serious.

35 Ebert was subsequently endorsed and applied in the English Court of Appeal decision of Bhamjee. The court in Bhamjee expressly highlighted at [24] that s 42 of the Supreme Court Act 1981 (UK) (“SCA UK”), the successor to the VAA in the UK, was a harsh remedy:

36 At [33] of Bhamjee Lord Phillips MR summarized the applicable principles relating to the court’s inherent jurisdiction as follows:

37 Bhamjee recognised that the inherent powers of the court could provide a flexible remedy to balance the needs of protecting the court from abuse, and at the same time ensuring that litigants are not burdened with a disproportionate order that may be unsuited to the unique circumstances. The court put in place comprehensive directions for the use of the inherent powers in this area. Endorsing civil restraint orders and extended civil restraint orders (at [39]–[42]), it also created a new category of civil restraint orders termed “general civil restraint orders” (see Bhamjee at [43]–[47]). A two-year time limit on extended and general civil restraint orders, which could be extended in appropriate circumstances, was put in place (see Bhamjee at [53]).

38 The various civil restraint orders and their guiding principles were subsequently codified in the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (UK) in Rule 3.11 and Practice Direction 3C (UK). These rules are similar in substance to the proposals contained in the Ministry of Law Consultation Paper.

39 As alluded to above at [32], the High Court of Australia in Inglis has refused to grant extended civil restraint orders. However, the decision has been distinguished in several Australia states. In the Queensland Court of Appeal case of Von Risefer v Permanent Trustee Co Pty Ltd [2005] QCA 109 (“Von Risefer”), Inglis was distinguished on the basis that there was no Queensland legislation that had cut down the inherent power of the courts to prevent abuse of the processes of the court. The court noted that the Vexatious Litigants Act 1981 (Qld) was “concerned with the creation of the status of a vexatious litigant and the restriction of the person’s ability to institute any proceedings, save by leave of the Supreme Court, while the status subsists” (see Von Risefer at [16]).

40 The Victoria Court of Appeal in Velissaris v Dynami Pty Ltd and Another [2013] VSCA 299 (“Velissaris”) highlighted that “it [could not] ignore the deficiencies in the material before the High Court [in Inglis], as pointed out in Ebert”. The court stated that but for Inglis, it would have adopted the approach in Ebert. However, it considered that it was bound by Inglis. To resolve this conundrum, it interpreted Von Risefer as being distinguishable from Inglis on the basis that the order sought in Von Risefer was confined to proceedings that were in substance an attempt to overturn a judgment already given and re-litigate a matter already decided. In contrast, the order in Inglis was framed “in the widest of terms”. It then endorsed the approach in Von Risefer and held that it had the inherent power to restrain litigants from commencing fresh proceedings where it is determined that those proceedings constituted an attempt to re-litigate a dispute that had already been concluded. (see Velissaris at [139]–[143]). A similar approach was endorsed in the Supreme Court of South Australia case of Manolakis v Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions and others [2009] SASC 193 at [22]–[23].

41  The Australian cases demonstrate that the courts have found a need to fashion a remedy founded on the inherent powers of the court to protect the process of the court from abuse through the imposition of what is akin to an extended civil restraint order. This was done in spite of the position of the High Court of Australia in Inglis.

42 The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal’s decision in Ng Yat Chi v Max Share Ltd and Another [2005] HKCU 69 (“Ng Yat Chi”) also endorses extended civil restraint orders.

43 In Ng Yat Chi, the court adopted much of the reasoning in Ebert, holding that there was no reason in principle to confine the inherent powers of the court to dealing with anticipated abusive applications in existing proceedings and that this power extended to preventing abusive proceedings which have not been commenced but are anticipated (at [8]). Chua Choon Lim was mentioned at [100] as an example of a “soundly based jurisdiction”. The court also addressed the argument that s 27 of the High Court Ordinance (Cap 4) (HK) (“HCO”), the Hong Kong equivalent of s 74 of the SCJA, had abrogated the inherent powers of the court by implication, which it termed the “statutory displacement argument”. Chief Justice Li stated at [10]:

44 The court in Ng Yat Chi found that the scope of the extended civil restraint order was “significantly narrower” than the statutory order pursuant to s 27 of the HCO. Unlike the “blanket effect of statutory orders prohibiting any kind of legal proceedings without leave against any person”, the extended civil restraint order was confined to fresh proceedings which are an attempt at re-litigating specified proceedings which have already been determined. Hence, the statutory displacement argument was inapplicable (see Ng Yat Chi at [89]–[90]). In contrast, the court at [105], questioned whether there was a proper basis to invoke a general civil restraint order, given that “[a] general civil restraint order may be thought to come uncomfortably close to the blanket statutory orders presently obtainable under HCO, s 27.” This particular issue was not before the court and hence the point was not conclusively decided.

45 The court also recommended at [106] that s 27 of the HCO be amended to allow any affected person to apply under that provision:

46 The legislative council of Hong Kong duly took up the suggestion and s 27 of the HCO was subsequently amended in 2008 to allow for “an affected person” to apply for a statutory order under the section. Under s 27(5) of the HCO, an “affected person” is defined as a person who is or has been a party to any of the vexatious legal proceedings, or has directly suffered adverse consequences resulting from such proceedings.

47 The courts in the Canadian province of Alberta have regarded extended civil restraint orders and general civil restraint orders as being consistent with the court’s exercise of its inherent powers. In Hok v Alberta (2016) ABQB 651 (“Hok”) the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench relied on the cases of Ebert and Bhamjee for the proposition that the VAA and its successors do not codify the court’s authority, “but instead legislative and common-law inherent jurisdiction control processes co-exist” (see Hok at [17]). This was supported by the historical research undertaken by the court in Ebert (see [32] above).

48 The court also examined the Canadian authorities and highlighted that the Alberta Court of Appeal had issued a general civil restraint order in the case of Dykun v Odishaw (2001) ABA 204 (“Dykun”). This was not done in accordance with the procedure for the vexatious litigant restrictions contained in the Alberta equivalent of the VAA, and instead was styled as an injunction. Leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada on the validity of the order in Dykun was denied (see Hok at [19]–[20]). The court in Hok thus concluded on the strength of English and Canadian authority that the court’s authority to restrict court access was neither solely derived from, nor restricted by any legislation but rather co-existed with it (see Hok at [25]).

49 This position was subsequently endorsed and applied in later Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench cases such as 1985 Sawridge Trust v Alberta (Public Trustee) (2017) ABQB 548 (“Sawridge”) at [42]–[47]. In Sawridge, the court also stated at [49]:

50 The court in Sawridge highlighted the problems of what it labelled as the “persistence-driven approach”. It found that the persistence-driven approach limited the courts to only fully reining in worst-case problematic litigants after their litigation misconduct had metastasized into a cascade of abusive actions and applications (Sawridge at [53]). It highlighted that there were various instances where the behaviour of certain litigants had yet to result in persistent applications or proceedings, but in all likelihood would eventually manifest in such persistence. The court highlighted some possibilities including:

(a) Cases where the litigants made express statements of intent indicating that the litigant intended to commence fresh proceedings on the same matter (Sawridge at [55]);

(b) Cases where there was an abuse of the litigation process due to underlying mental health issues (Sawridge at [63]–[67]); and

(c) Cases where there was an abuse of the litigation process motivated by ideology (Sawridge at [68]–[74].

51 The court concluded at [76]:

52 The court thus approved of the approach in Hok and endorsed the existence of extended and general civil restraint orders, independently of the scheme under the equivalent of s 74 of SCJA.

53 I have summarised, at [12]–[13], the relevant judicial use and comment regarding the existence of the inherent power to restrain future litigation in Singapore. I therefore analyse their effect here without repeating the background again. I should mention that in the present inquiry, whilst courts elsewhere have variously used the terms “inherent jurisdiction” and “inherent powers”, I am guided by the Court of Appeal’s view in Re Nalpon Zero at [36]–[41], that the exercise of the right to regulate matters before the court should be properly referred to as the exercise of the court’s inherent powers, rather than its inherent jurisdiction.

54 I start with the Court of Appeal’s guidance in Linda Lai. In that case, after Ms Lai had instituted and conducted numerous proceedings over 16 years, the AG successfully applied to restrain Ms Lai under s 74 of the SCJA. Judith Prakash, JA, delivering the Court of Appeal’s judgment dismissing the appeal, stated at [18]:

55 Tee Kok Boon, highlighted in the above extract, concerned a litigant who filed numerous criminal motions after his appeal against his conviction under s 193 of the Penal Code (Cap 224, 1985 Rev Ed) was dismissed. At the application of the AG, Woo J granted an order under s 74 of the SCJA. He also considered briefly the inherent power of the court to restrain proceedings, as the relief was pursued in the alternative. Assigned counsel for the litigant, on the other hand, advanced the view that the court had no such power under its inherent jurisdiction (see [123]). Woo J stated at [124]:

56 After dealing with the English and Australian authorities, Woo J then considered Chua Choon Lim, on which Mr Sivakumar relies, in the following way at [131]:

57 A similar view was expressed in AG v Tham, where the AG brought a successful application against three members of the Tham family under s 74 of the SCJA. Ramesh J was of the view that a wide order covering all future proceedings was necessary to prevent the defendants from commencing further vexatious legal proceedings (see AG v Tham at [71]). In concluding remarks, he dealt with the alternative application relating to the exercise of the court’s inherent powers, which was no longer necessary, in the following terms, at [72]:

58 Mr Sivakumar, in advocating that Chua Choon Lim should be applied, attempts to distinguish AG v Tham on the basis that the cases were querying the existence of the inherent power to grant a general civil restraint order, but did not call into question inherent power to grant a narrower extended civil restraint order. ¹⁴ This assertion appears to gloss over the sentence highlighted in italics in the extract above.

59 In respect of Linda Lai and Prakash JA’s reference to “exceptional circumstances”, Mr Sivakumar’s contention was that those were only applicable to the general civil restraint order, which he characterised as exceptional, rather than the extended civil restraint order. This was because Prakash JA cited Bhamjee. He argues from there that because Bhamjee is the English decision which established the new category of general civil restraint orders, the court in Linda Lai was only leaving open the existence of general civil restraint orders and not extended civil restraint orders. I find that I am not able to make the same deduction from the citation of Bhamjee within [18] of the Court of Appeal’s judgment. In my view, an objective reading is that the court in Linda Lai was considering the existence of the inherent power to restrain future proceedings generally and not limited to only the existence of a wider general civil restraint order. First, the passage above does not cite any particular portion of Bhamjee specific to general civil restraint orders. Second, the judgment in Bhamjee itself discussed the full range of remedies a court can take to protect itself from abuse of process and was not solely focussed on one particular remedy (see Bhamjee at [53]).

60 Turning to Bhamjee, there the court considered that the unlimited nature of its inherent powers went hand in hand with the exceptional nature of its exercise. The court in Bhamjee at [11] described the starting point of the exercise of its discretion as such:

61 Again the exceptional and yet unlimited nature of inherent power over procedural matters was emphasised in AB v John Wyeth & Brother Ltd (1996) 8 Med LR 57, which the court cited with approval at [13] of Bhamjee:

62 These views reflect those of Ebert: see [33] above. The English courts view the inherent powers as powers that would only be exercised exceptionally, but where exercised, are of unlimited nature. It was on this basis that the court in Bhamjee at [43]–[44] decided that there were circumstances in which it would be appropriate for the court to invoke its inherent powers to grant a general civil restraint order. It follows that any exercise of the court’s power would be exceptional, whether for civil restraint orders, extended civil restraint orders, or general civil restraint orders.

63 Indeed, and as I will explain in the next section, this too is the position of the Singapore courts in any exercise of our inherent powers. The Court of Appeal in Re Nalpon Zero, at [42], referred to “exceptional circumstances where there is a clear need for it and the justice of the case so demands” [emphasis in original]. Any application in the area of restraining further proceedings must be consistent with the Court of Appeal’s general views as to its inherent powers. It is crucial, therefore, to assess the use and boundaries employed in Singapore cases on inherent powers generally, before considering whether they may be used, in this particular case, to restrain future proceedings.

64 In Roberto Building Material, the Court of Appeal at [16]–[17], building on its earlier view in Wee Soon Kim Anthony v Law Society of Singapore [2001] 2 SLR(R) 821 (“Wee Soon Kim”) at [27], stated:

65 In considering whether there is a “clear need” to invoke the inherent power of the courts, Andrew Phang J (as he then was) emphasised, in Wellmix Organics the importance of any relevant legislative intention and the pre-existing statutory framework, at [81]:

66 The various cases may be summarised into two primary requirements: (i) there must be no statutory exclusion of the inherent power; and (ii) there must be exceptional circumstances where there is need for the court to use its inherent powers in order for justice to be done or injustice to be averted.

67 I turn first to the issue of statutory exclusion. Associate Professor Goh Yihan (“Prof Goh”) in his article, “The Inherent Jurisdiction and Inherent Powers of the Singapore Courts: Rethinking the Limits of Their Exercise” (2011) SJLS 178 at pp 200–208, makes the helpful distinction between express statutory exclusion and implied statutory exclusion. In the present case, there is no express statutory exclusion. Only the issue of implied statutory exclusion is relevant, because of the existence of s 74 of the SCJA. Mr Sui cogently points out that it is important to consider the source for s 74 of the SCJA, the VAA. During the Second Reading for the VAA in the House of Lords and House of Commons, nothing was said about restricting this inherent power, nor was it ever implied that the courts did not have such a power prior to the enactment of the VAA: See United Kingdom, House of Lords, Parliamentary Debates (14 July 1896), Vol 42 cols 1410-1413; United Kingdom, House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates (10 August 1896), Vol 44 cols 456–457. In fact, as established in Ebert, the inherent power existed prior to the VAA, and continued to co-exist with the VAA after (see [32] above). The parliamentary statements on s 74 of the SCJA similarly do not demonstrate any legislative intention to cut down the inherent powers of the court. During the debate on the amendment to SCJA in 2010, s 74 was briefly mentioned, however, the discussion merely related to the proposed codification of a principle established in Tee Kok Boon at [82], that s 74 applied to both civil and criminal proceedings. There was no discussion on the inherent powers of the court or that s 74 should be the only remedy available to prevent the commencement of future proceedings (see Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (18 October 2010), Vol 87 at col 1373 (Associate Professor Ho Peng Kee, Senior Minister of State for Law)).

68 How should we deal with legislative silence on the matter? Here again, Prof Goh provides a useful suggestion (see pp 202–207) that there should be an assumption of implied exclusion in such circumstances. Prof Goh then draws a distinction between three categories: inherent jurisdiction (the authority to hear a particular matter), inherent substantive powers and inherent procedural powers. He suggests that the assumption of implied exclusion is the strongest when the court is seeking to invoke its inherent jurisdiction, followed by inherent substantive powers, with the weakest assumption of implied exclusion being reserved for the inherent procedural powers. Prof Goh scoped the strength of these assumptions based on an analysis of various Singaporean authorities as well as parliamentary statements. His research suggests that the courts and parliament regard a court’s authority to hear a particular matter as being primarily an issue for parliament to decide. In comparing between inherent substantive powers and inherent procedural powers, Prof Goh notes that the court has been regarded as the master of its own process, whereas the power to affect substantive rights is mainly within the province of parliament.

69 Using his framework, the strength of the implied assumption of exclusion is weak in the present case, for two reasons. First, the power sought to be invoked in the present case is procedural in nature. Black’s Law Dictionary (Thomson Reuters, 10th Ed, 2014) at p 1519 defines a procedural right as “a right that helps in the protection or enforcement of a substantive right”. In the context of construing a statutory provision, the Court of Appeal in Star City Pty Ltd (formerly known as Sydney Harbour Casino Pty Ltd) v Tan Hong Woon [2002] 1 SLR(R) 306 at [12] stated:

70 It was on this basis that the court held that s 5(2) of the Civil Law Act (Cap 43, 1999 Rev Ed) which states that “no action shall be brought or maintained in the court” in respect of certain wagering agreements, was a procedural provision, since it did not extinguish the essential validity of the right but merely rendered the right unenforceable. Similarly, in the present case, in only allowing Mr Cheong to commence future proceedings in certain matters with leave of the court, the essential validity of Mr Cheong’s rights have not been affected and only the mode of enforcing his rights have been adjusted, with the requirement of leave. Hence this power is properly characterised as a procedural power.

71 Second, the power sought to be invoked is not new. Rather, as highlighted by the English court in Ebert (see [33] above), this power is merely an application of the well-established power to prevent anticipated harm through quia timet injunctions, in combination with the equally well-established power for the court to protect its own processes. Chua Choon Lim was also decided prior to the 2010 amendments to s 74 of the SCJA and yet there were no statements made during the parliamentary debate on the 2010 amendments that suggested that parliament intended to abrogate this power.

72 Having ruled out statutory exclusion, I turn, then, to the second issue of need, which the courts have variously described as a need created by special circumstances, where justice demands, or where injustice is threatened. On this point, Ebert, Sawridge and Bhamjee well put the genuine need for courts to devise flexible means to address an intermediate range of abusive conduct in a proportionate and nuanced manner (see [49]–[51] above). Within our jurisdiction, it is important that there are significant areas of distinction between an order under s 74 of the SCJA and a civil restraint order. Five particular points of distinction stand out:

(a) Most importantly, there is no other mechanism for a private party to avoid being harassed by vexatious litigants through the institution of multiple fresh proceedings.

(b) Section 74(4) requires the publication of the individual’s name in the Gazette, declaring and labelling the individual as a “vexatious litigant”.

(c) Pursuant to s 74(3), there is no appeal from an order refusing leave for orders made under s 74, whereas there is no such requirement for an extended civil restraint order.

(d) The precise remedy can be fashioned in a nuanced and appropriate manner in light of the circumstances. Whereas s 74 lays out a fixed order that can be made pursuant to that provision (although, as clarified by Linda Lai, the scope of the order may be varied), the inherent powers of the court can grant a wider range of orders. For example, the court in Bhamjee at [57] allowed for the abusive litigant to apply for leave by way of letter, as opposed to a formal application, and also set out the specific process by which the litigant could appeal his decision. In another example, Mr Ebert’s extended civil restraint order was subsequently varied such that he could only apply for leave once every two months, unless he could demonstrate that a more urgent application was called for (see Bhamjee at [29]).

(e) Lastly, in line with the general flexibility of the inherent powers of the court, the threshold for granting an extended civil restraint order may be lower than that of the “habitual and persistent” threshold found in s 74. This distinction is made explicit in Sawridge (see [50] above).

73 Roberto Building Material and Wee Soon Kim make clear that “need” is always specific to the circumstances of the case, and to be drawn prudently. In the present case, the need arises because Mr Cheong is unable to understand that his claim is incoherent. A perusal of the documents filed, and an observation of his behaviour during the hearings indicate that there are underlying issues that hinder his ability to realise the vexatious and futile nature of his actions. At the same time, he is unable to listen to legal advice. He said in court that he had visited 30–50 lawyers. ¹⁵ He is also unwilling to listen to the counsel of his concerned family members, who support the application of the AG. ¹⁶ The justice of the case does demand exercise of the court’s inherent power. Injustice would otherwise result, in the use of state and court resources, and the toll on the other members of his caring family. His father expressed a desire for closure. ¹⁷

74 At the same time, this is not a case appropriate for s 74 of the SCJA. Instead the present scenario falls squarely in the gap identified by Sawridge (see [50] above). While there is no “magic number” as to how many proceedings have to be brought before a litigant’s conduct would constitute habitual and persistent conduct (see Linda Lai at [14]), I hesitate to classify Mr Cheong’s conduct as being of similar gravity and scale as previous recipients of orders under s 74 of the SCJA. In AG v Barker [2000] 1 FLR 764, Lord Bingham of Cornhill CJ gave the following illuminating explanation of “habitually and persistently”, which Mr Cheong does not fulfil:

75 The query posed by Tee Kok Boon and AG v Tham remain. What if the AG, who is empowered to, and has, as in this case, taken out an application under s 74 of the SCJA? Mr Sui’s submission, taking on board the concern that an inherent power cannot render the statute otiose, is that the AG may not seek the inherent powers of the court when he is a party to litigation. The court’s inherent power to grant civil restraint orders can only be invoked by private parties or by the court acting on its own motion. If this were so, the AG’s only recourse, in this case, where his view is that he is the rightful defendant, would be s 74 of the SCJA.

76 My concern with such a distinction is that there is no principled reason that may form a premise for it. Mr Sui’s explanation was that this would be the only way to make sense of the statute. The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, it will be recalled, was also concerned to draw a bright line with the statutory provisions. Mr Sivakumar answers Mr Sui’s point well by pointing out that the AG discharges various roles. When he applies under s 74 of the SCJA, he acts as the custodian of the public interest (and dicta of the High Court of Hong Kong in Secretary for Justice v Ma Kwai Chun [2005] HKCU 1808 at [8] supports this). As legal advisor to the Government the AG has, however, other roles, and in these other roles, he ought not to be disallowed the rights of other private parties to litigation. He may represent the Government under the GPA. This is the present frame of reference. But the AG may also instruct counsel under s 24(3) of the GPA. Statutory boards, too, may be represented by the AG where he chooses to do so under ss 3 and 4 of the Attorney-General (Additional Functions) Act (Cap 16A, 2017 Rev Ed). Mr Sui’s submission would result in an arbitrary situation where the availability of the remedy turns on whether the Government or a statutory board is represented by the AG or other counsel. In this context, in Mahajan v Department of Constitutional Affairs [2004] EWCA Civ 946, the Department of Constitutional Affairs successfully applied for a restraining order under the inherent powers of the court while represented by the Treasury Solicitor.

77 Mr Sivakumar’s response is to scope the inherent power to the extent of the extended civil restraint order, disagreeing with Bhamjee. The AG is required for any order that comes close to that given under s 74 of the SCJA. His rationale is that a s 74 application is properly the province of the AG as the guardian of the public interest. For this, he relies also on Ng Yat Chi. While such an approach suffices for a remedy on the facts of the present case, I do not think it sits well with local jurisprudence on the ability of the courts to address the justice of the case in procedural matters where, on the exceptional facts presented, relief is necessary. The crucial inquiry posed by Roberto Building Material and Wee Soon Kim is that of the need arising on the special circumstances of the case. On the issue of need, the need for general civil restraint orders, while not arising on the facts of this case, has been anticipated by the Ministry of Law Consultation Paper, which proposes to allow private parties to ask the court for relief to the extent of a general civil restraint order as set out in Bhamjee. This perspective, shared by Hong Kong, Canada and the United Kingdom, assumes that the AG need not always be troubled even where orders of a general nature are requested. Be that as it may, the need may no longer arise in future: future cases will likely have the benefit of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment No 2) Bill (No 33 of 2018), passed by Parliament three days ago.

78 I prefer to see the AG’s powers under the statutory regime as the final step in an escalating series of measures that may be taken to address the problem of a vexatious litigant. Seen in this light, the extended civil restraint order exists as an intermediate measure, available even to the AG. This is consistent with Bhamjee at [58], where the court considered it timely to first impose an extended civil restraint order as an intermediate step prior to the AG’s planned intervention:

79 This approach is also congruent with the litigation pertinent to the Tham family, the defendants in AG v Tham. The family had taken out bankruptcy applications against 21 individuals, including nine Cabinet Ministers. 11 of the 21 individuals applied to strike out the application. They also sought an injunction to restrain the plaintiffs from filing any further bankruptcy applications against any of the individuals without the leave of the High Court. In Tham Yim Siong and others v Tan Chuan-Jin and others HC/B 1051/2016 (20 May 2016) (“Tham v Tan”), Woo J, delivering an oral judgment, struck out the bankruptcy application and granted the injunction sought as he was of the view that the application was an illegitimate attempt to pressure the individuals to meet the Tham family’s rambling and unclear demands and an abuse of the process of the court (Tham v Tan at [8], [11] and [13]). Woo J also gave an order that the Tham family had to seek leave of the High Court before serving any other statutory demand on any of the Defendants in question (at [14]). Unfortunately, that did not end the matter. Between 1 June 2016 and 23 March 2017, the Tham family sent a variety of letters and emails to various members and staff of the Supreme Court, government officials as well as members of the media alleging misconduct on various parties, including Woo J and the Second Solicitor-General. Between 15 August 2016 to 15 March 2017, the Tham family also filed a barrage of applications and proceedings in both the State Court and the High Court essentially raising the same facts that they had relied on in the bankruptcy application, but disguised as other applications such as applications under the Legal Profession Act (Cap 161, 2009 Rev Ed). Throughout the period, one member of the Tham family also published several posts on her Facebook account detailing the steps she had taken in court and narrating the events from her perspective. Finally, on 27 March 2017 the AG filed the application that was the subject matter of AG v Tham. A wide order against all three family members, prohibiting all future proceedings against any persons, was granted by Ramesh J, at [71].

80 This then, is the delineation between the statutory power and the power which the court retains as its inherent power. Where the AG has obtained the statutory remedy of unlimited nature and indefinite period from the court, another order, whether from the AG or any private party, may not be entertained. There would simply be no need for the exercise of the inherent powers of the court if the circumstances were such that the s 74 remedy is appropriate. This, in my judgment, is the better manner in which to approach the reservations expressed in Tee Kok Boon and AG v Tham (see [13] above). It should also be noted that within our jurisdiction, in contrast to the practice in England, the Court of Appeal has made clear that more limited orders may be sought and imposed under s 74 of the SCJA (see Linda Lai at [17]). This gives the AG greater flexibility in the remedies available under the statute but constrains him similarly where the use of the statute is appropriate.

81  Drawing together the various strands, I conclude with a grant of the remedy requested by the AG. The form of the prayer follows the orders used in Ebert (see Ebert at 491–492) and Tham v Tan. As the present order deals with matters raised by the present Statement of Claim and similar Statements of Claim, this order is indefinite in time period. For this particular circumstance, there is no need to impose time limits as suggested by Bhamjee for extended civil restraint orders.

82 In the light of my decision to exercise the court’s inherent power, it is no longer necessary to deal with the application under s 74 of the SCJA, which in any event I have decided is not appropriate. There is no need, at this juncture, to determine that Mr Cheong is a habitual and persistent vexatious litigant as defined under the section or to list him in the Gazette as one. The court encourages him to seek the medical treatment that his supportive family has expressed desire to assist him with. If the source of his incoherence is addressed and he is able to delineate sustainable causes of action, he is at liberty to file such a suit. If, on the other hand, his behaviour escalates, it may yet prove timely for the AG to seek a stronger remedy. Mr Sivakumar requested leave to withdraw the OS if I should exercise the court’s inherent power and I so order.

83 I grant an order in terms of prayers 1 and 2 of Summons No 2809 of 2018 in Suit 489. Leave is granted to the AG to withdraw OS 1071. Mr Sivakumar stated at the hearing that he does not seek costs and I make no order as to costs.